English Courses for Vocational School
>> Wednesday, March 9, 2011
Because English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a "world language", the lingua franca of the modern era, and while it is not an official language in most countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language. Some linguists believe that it is no longer the exclusive cultural property of "native English speakers", but is rather a language that is absorbing aspects of cultures worldwide as it continues to grow. English is an official language of the United Nations and many other international organisations, including the International Olympic Committee.
English is the language most often studied as a foreign language in the European Union, by 89% of schoolchildren, ahead of French at 32%, while the perception of the usefulness of foreign languages amongst Europeans is 68% in favour of English ahead of 25% for French.Books, magazines, and newspapers written in English are available in many countries around the world, and English is the most commonly used language in the sciences with Science Citation Index reporting as early as 1997 that 95% of its articles were written in English, even though only half of them came from authors in English-speaking countries.
This increasing use of the English language globally has had a large impact on many other languages, leading to language shift and even language death, and to claims of linguistic imperialism. For this reason, the 'English language is forever evolving'.
English in computing
The English language is sometimes described as the lingua franca of computing. In comparison to other sciences, where Latin and Greek are the principal sources of vocabulary, Computer Science borrows more extensively from English. Due to the technical limitations of early computers, and the lack of international standards on the Internet, computer users were limited to using English and the Latin alphabet. However, this historical limitation is not relevant today. Most software products are localized in numerous languages and the use of the Unicode character encoding has resolved the problems with non-Latin alphabets.
Influence on other languages
The computing terminology of many languages borrows from English. Some language communities resist actively to that trend, and in other cases English is used extensively and more directly. This section gives some examples for the use of English terminology in other languages, and also mentions any notable differences.
Bulgarian
Both English and Russian have influence over Bulgarian computing vocabulary. However, in many cases the borrowed terminology is translated, and not transcribed phonetically. Combined with the use of the Cyrillic alphabet this can make it difficult to recognize loanwords. For example the Bulgarian term for motherboard is 'дънна платка' (IPA /danna platka/ or literally "bottom board" ).
компютър /compiutar/ - computer
твърд диск /tvard disk/ - hard disk
дискета /disketa/ - floppy disk; like the French disquette
уеб сайт /web sait/ - web site; but also "интернет страница" /internet stranitsa/
Faroese
The Faroese language has a sparse scientific vocabulary based on the language itself. Many Faroese scientific words are borrowed and/or modified versions of especially Nordic and English equivalents. The vocabulary is constantly evolving and thus new words often die out, and only a few survive and become widely used. Examples of successful words include e.g. "telda" (computer), "kurla" (at sign) and "ambætari" (server). List of Faroese-English-Danish IT words
We are very grateful for your visit on this blog, please you may download the files you need here and of course free and is very important!
Download Theory of English
Download Exam Questions of English
French
In French there are some generally accepted English loan-words, but there is also a distinct effort to avoid then. In France the Académie française is responsible for the standardisation of the language and often coins new technological terms. Some of them are accepted in practice, in other cases the English loanwords remain predominant. In Quebec OQLF has a similar function.
email / mail (in Europe); courriel (mainly in Quebec, but increasingly used in French speaking Europe); informally mèl; more formally "courrier électronique"
pourriel - Spam
hameçonnage, phishing - Phishing
télécharger - to download
site web - web site
lien - website hyper-link
base de données - Database
caméra web - Webcam
amorcer, démarrer, booter - to boot
redémarrer, rebooter - to reboot
arrêter, éteindre - to shutdown
amorçable, bootable - Bootable
overclocking, surfréquençage, surcadençage - Overclocking
watercooling: refroidissement à l'eau
tuning PC: case modding
German
In German, English words are very often used as well:
noun: Computer, Website, Software, E-Mail, Blog
verb: downloaden, booten, crashen
Icelandic
The Icelandic language has its own vocabulary of scientific terms, still English borrowings exist. English or Icelandicised words are mostly used in casual conversations, whereas the Icelandic words might be longer or not widespread.
Spanish
The English influence on the software industry and the internet in Latin America has borrowed significantly from the Castilian lexicon.
frequently untranslated, and their Spanish equivalent
email: correo electrónico
messenger: mensajero
webcam: cámara web
website: página web, sitio web
blog: bitácora, 'blog'
Character encoding
The early computer software and hardware had very little support for alphabets other than the Latin. As a result of this it was difficult or impossible to represent languages based on other scripts. The ASCII character encoding, created in the 1960s, only supported 256 different characters. With the use of additional software it was possible to provide support for some languages, for instance those based on the Cyrillic alphabet. However, complex-script languages like Chinese or Japanese need more characters than the 256 limit imposed by ASCII. Some computers created in the former USSR had native support for the Cyrillic alphabet.
The wide adoption of Unicode, and UTF-8 on the web, resolved most of these historical limitations. ASCII remains the de-facto standard for command interpreters, programming languages and text-based communication protocols.
English is the language most often studied as a foreign language in the European Union, by 89% of schoolchildren, ahead of French at 32%, while the perception of the usefulness of foreign languages amongst Europeans is 68% in favour of English ahead of 25% for French.Books, magazines, and newspapers written in English are available in many countries around the world, and English is the most commonly used language in the sciences with Science Citation Index reporting as early as 1997 that 95% of its articles were written in English, even though only half of them came from authors in English-speaking countries.
This increasing use of the English language globally has had a large impact on many other languages, leading to language shift and even language death, and to claims of linguistic imperialism. For this reason, the 'English language is forever evolving'.
English in computing
The English language is sometimes described as the lingua franca of computing. In comparison to other sciences, where Latin and Greek are the principal sources of vocabulary, Computer Science borrows more extensively from English. Due to the technical limitations of early computers, and the lack of international standards on the Internet, computer users were limited to using English and the Latin alphabet. However, this historical limitation is not relevant today. Most software products are localized in numerous languages and the use of the Unicode character encoding has resolved the problems with non-Latin alphabets.
Influence on other languages
The computing terminology of many languages borrows from English. Some language communities resist actively to that trend, and in other cases English is used extensively and more directly. This section gives some examples for the use of English terminology in other languages, and also mentions any notable differences.
Bulgarian
Both English and Russian have influence over Bulgarian computing vocabulary. However, in many cases the borrowed terminology is translated, and not transcribed phonetically. Combined with the use of the Cyrillic alphabet this can make it difficult to recognize loanwords. For example the Bulgarian term for motherboard is 'дънна платка' (IPA /danna platka/ or literally "bottom board" ).
компютър /compiutar/ - computer
твърд диск /tvard disk/ - hard disk
дискета /disketa/ - floppy disk; like the French disquette
уеб сайт /web sait/ - web site; but also "интернет страница" /internet stranitsa/
Faroese
The Faroese language has a sparse scientific vocabulary based on the language itself. Many Faroese scientific words are borrowed and/or modified versions of especially Nordic and English equivalents. The vocabulary is constantly evolving and thus new words often die out, and only a few survive and become widely used. Examples of successful words include e.g. "telda" (computer), "kurla" (at sign) and "ambætari" (server). List of Faroese-English-Danish IT words
We are very grateful for your visit on this blog, please you may download the files you need here and of course free and is very important!
Download Theory of English for School Exam
Download Theory of English
Download Exam Questions of English
French
In French there are some generally accepted English loan-words, but there is also a distinct effort to avoid then. In France the Académie française is responsible for the standardisation of the language and often coins new technological terms. Some of them are accepted in practice, in other cases the English loanwords remain predominant. In Quebec OQLF has a similar function.
email / mail (in Europe); courriel (mainly in Quebec, but increasingly used in French speaking Europe); informally mèl; more formally "courrier électronique"
pourriel - Spam
hameçonnage, phishing - Phishing
télécharger - to download
site web - web site
lien - website hyper-link
base de données - Database
caméra web - Webcam
amorcer, démarrer, booter - to boot
redémarrer, rebooter - to reboot
arrêter, éteindre - to shutdown
amorçable, bootable - Bootable
overclocking, surfréquençage, surcadençage - Overclocking
watercooling: refroidissement à l'eau
tuning PC: case modding
German
In German, English words are very often used as well:
noun: Computer, Website, Software, E-Mail, Blog
verb: downloaden, booten, crashen
Icelandic
The Icelandic language has its own vocabulary of scientific terms, still English borrowings exist. English or Icelandicised words are mostly used in casual conversations, whereas the Icelandic words might be longer or not widespread.
Spanish
The English influence on the software industry and the internet in Latin America has borrowed significantly from the Castilian lexicon.
frequently untranslated, and their Spanish equivalent
email: correo electrónico
messenger: mensajero
webcam: cámara web
website: página web, sitio web
blog: bitácora, 'blog'
Character encoding
The early computer software and hardware had very little support for alphabets other than the Latin. As a result of this it was difficult or impossible to represent languages based on other scripts. The ASCII character encoding, created in the 1960s, only supported 256 different characters. With the use of additional software it was possible to provide support for some languages, for instance those based on the Cyrillic alphabet. However, complex-script languages like Chinese or Japanese need more characters than the 256 limit imposed by ASCII. Some computers created in the former USSR had native support for the Cyrillic alphabet.
The wide adoption of Unicode, and UTF-8 on the web, resolved most of these historical limitations. ASCII remains the de-facto standard for command interpreters, programming languages and text-based communication protocols.
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