Drill of Basic Capabilities Soal Snmptn 2012

I have often started reading on a subject within Science, perhaps from one or more sources, and they seem to use different terms or words to say the same thing and it would seem that I have to learn all the terms and examples to fully grasp what the book or webpage is saying.
This is where a helpful glossary of scientific words and terms comes in very handy as it offers an easy to understand explanation and it uses day to day language to explain things to people who are need or want to learn from the ground up.
Once you learn the multiple meanings for different words and know they are all in one place and are all right you can move forward quicker and find yourself putting down a book or closing a page and going on a hunt to find out what this word means.
The terminology has the very basic terms up to the semi advanced; so, no matter where you are in your studies this glossary is definitely worth a look as I have found it to be a time saver especially when reading more than one book as each book seems to have it own unique way of explaining, each is right but depending on the person and their country it can get a little confusing.

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Basic Math

Indonesian Language

English Language

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I would recommend that anyone who is studying science or is new to the subject, and is wanting to learn more, visit THIS page and use it as a helpful reference when terminology gets confusing or you need to get a word meaning quick.

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Drill of IPS Ability Soal Snmptn 2012

If you are looking for a way to improve your social skills, there are many resources available that will assist you in refining your social skills and improving the way you communicate with others.
It's not only possible to learn how to improve your social
skills; it's easier than you think.
Imagine how much simpler your life would be if you could
rid yourself of nagging self-doubt and have confidence
knowing you can handle any social situation.
Have you ever wondered how some people seem to excel at
socializing? Learning how to improve your social skills
will give you the ability to know what to say in any
situation and be the type of person others love to be
around.

You can develop the skills needed to start a conversation
with anyone you encounter, deal effectively with awkward
situations, accept rejection gracefully, and win the
approval and appreciation of all that you encounter.
You will be able to read the body language of others,
effectively solve problems, and develop the ability to
diffuse sensitive situations with seemingly little effort.
In the process of learning how to improve your social
skills, your self-esteem will soar and your confidence will
reach an all-time high.
1. Awareness of your own interaction with other people is
the first step in improving your social skills.
Learn to identify which types of situations make you
uncomfortable and then modify your behavior to achieve
positive results is a critical step in improving your
social skills.
You can learn to become aware of behaviors in other people
that prompt you to respond in negative ways and modify your
own behavior to turn the situation into a positive
experience.
2. You must accept responsibility for your own behavior and
do not fear apologizing for errors in judgment or
insensitive actions.
3. Your non-verbal communication is equally as important as
the things that you say. Positive body language is
extremely important in your interactions with other people.
If your words and your actions do not match, you will have
a difficult time succeeding in social situations.

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Economics

History

Geography

Sociology

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4. In order to learn how to improve your social skills, you
must become and great listener. Offering suggestions or criticism before you are certain of
the other person's intent can only lead to frustration for
both parties.
5. Improving your social skills is a process and cannot be
accomplished overnight. Trying to improve or change too
many things at once will be counter-productive.
You will become discouraged and overwhelmed if you attempt
to change your entire personality all at once. Choose one
or two traits at a time and work on those over a period of
time. Learn to take advantage of your personal strengths
and make a positive impact on others.
6. Maximize your positive personality traits and use them
in your interactions with others. Good communication and
great listening skills are the most important tools you can
use in improving your social skills.
You can learn how to improve your social skills by
developing excellent listening skills, learning to resolve
problems and conflicts, understanding body language, and
accepting responsibility for your own negative behavior.
Determination and self-awareness will make your desire to
improve your social skills a reality.

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Drill of IPA Ability Soal Snmptn 2012

It is the dawn of early man. His opposable thumbs, his large brain, his ability to harness fire, have all come together to give him a talent for weaponry. Now, hunting has become easier and easier as he and his tribe have acquired the ability to be an ultimate predator and inadvertently wipe out his food supply or intentionally wipe out his competitors. He doesn't though, not because he sees the numbers of herds are dwindling since that wouldn't happen anyway at this stage of the population of his tribe but because there is something telling him to stop. The reason is the natural counter-balance for developing a large brain, which can devise weaponry and act upon the environment, is the accompanying development of morality.
You see, morality - the ability to distinguish between right and wrong - is not a learned behavior or fabricated notion. It is wired through natural selection as a counter balance that keeps "enlightened" species from overrunning a planet and eventually destroying themselves. It is not to a species' benefit to eliminate its own food supply burning through one subspecies after another down the food chain. What we know about evolution is that it serves the furtherance of life and morality in a civilized or "enlightened" people is a tool for that furtherance.
Evolution as a Tool of God
The most common fallacy about evolution however is the over-importance placed on "survival of the fittest." You can be the meanest tiger in the jungle but if you're sterile you are evolutionarily inept. Your genes for meanness are never passed on. The key to understanding evolution and the development of a species lies within "reproductive success." I literally laugh when I hear that scientists ponder why we walk on two legs. Some theorize it was to see over tall grass, others that we needed to reach food in trees. Those thoughts are silly. We walk on two legs because the females of our species, millions of years ago, found it attractive and those genes for such a talent were passed on. To this date, dancing is still a part of courtship, even in bird species. Reproductive success can explain most if not all of the secondary characteristics of a species, the primary characteristics being those traits which allow the organism to survive to reproductive age. Take baldness for example, do you think it is any coincidence that baldness occurs after the reproductively active years in males?
Back to morality, another secondary characteristic in humans. Imagine the time when humans are developing greater brain capacities, developing weapons, greater hunting techniques, possibly even warfare. What is the natural counterbalance keeping this species from destroying itself and the surrounding environment? Another characteristic in the development of a higher level brain is its ability for self-awareness and the recognition of morality. Read the Bible. This is the point of human evolution that the parable of Adam and Eve is trying to describe. They ate from the Tree of Knowledge and saw that they were naked and became ashamed. Basically, they developed the ability for morality. Now, those of you who read the Bible and take each word literally need to come to terms with the fact that a burning bush or a parting sea pale in comparison, as far as miracles go, to the DNA molecule.
That is a perfect example of how science is serving to reveal the true miracles of God and that God works within our world and the way physics behaves, not outside of it. Likewise those of you who prop up the inconsistencies of three thousand year-old stories from the Bible as proof that God does not exist need to realize how ineptly equipped you are to make such a judgment. You are an evolved being with only five senses who cannot see ultraviolet rays or even hear a dog whistle. You are in no position to judge anyone who recognizes that something greater than themselves must exist.
The question is, though, how did this counterbalance of morality come into being? How is it the genius of evolution (as a tool of God) to foresee this problem of a self-aware human, with the ability to destroy his kind and his environment coming to rise? This is sort of like asking how did matter foresee anti-matter or how does a reproductive cell know how to split, or why does a heart start to beat. Receiving a larger brain is sought of like getting a new iPhone with an app for morality. Now I could argue that if I received an iPhone with such an app I would have to conclude that an intelligent being put it there inferring intelligent design. I am not going to make that argument since I feel it attaches human-like qualities to something humans can't comprehend.
Understanding through Physics
Let's just call those things I mentioned earlier, a heart's inclination to beat, matter canceling anti-matter, the counterbalance of morality, as divine, outside of our time-space reality and in a quantum world. Now, some would argue, relativists in particular, that so-called morality, or God, Himself, is a creation of man not vice versa. This would be a contradiction to one of the basics of physics known as the Law of Conservation of Information (see Leornard Suskind The Black Hole War). This law, where "information" is every or any particle, iota, says that all the information of the universe is fixed. Every particle that exists today in our universe existed at its inception only the arrangement of those particles has changed. These are particles we can see and touch and other particles we could not detect or even comprehend. Consequently, if you were to propose, or your computations would lead to, the loss of information within our universe you would be proposing something that is against this basic law of physics. Likewise, if you were to propose the fabrication or creation of information you would be violating that same law.
Consequently, there are no truly original thoughts, no truly original works. Now, one could argue that man has rearranged particles to come up with the notion of God but that would be more an explanation of religion. The truth is that morality must have been present at the moment man transcended his environment with production of weaponry and fighting techniques, becoming self-aware with his larger brain, or else he would have wiped out his food supply or other members of his species. Our larger brains come predisposed for morality but its furtherance is a function of evolution. Always remember, it's about "reproductive success." The gene gatekeeper, if you will, is the female. The female is the nurturer, wired for care-giving, feeding, comforting and any male exhibiting the moral acts of mercy, kindness, respect for nature and other humans would become more attractive than a merciless hunter/killer. It is with this process that man's morality grew exponentially and how we became civilized.

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Biology

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This is proof that morality has a scientific basis since it serves a purpose in natural selection. This does not negate God; it supports the existence of a God since the Law of Conservation proves that morality cannot stem from nothing. Call that "something" whatever you wish, in either case it is incomprehensible to you. It is not the job of science to contemplate God; that is the job of religion and we don't teach religion in schools we teach science.
Morality: The Cornerstone of our Republic
Since morality exists, existed long before religion and has a integral part in the evolution of man, it can be taught as science in our schools without mention of God and maintain our country's obligation to keep religion out of government yet not abandon morality. The next, logical extension of morality is the existence of Natural Law. This is, thankfully, the death-null of relativism. Relativism is at the root of everything that is wrong in our schools and our society and is not to be confused with tolerance. Morality is an innate tool whose use is to recognize Natural Law, certain absolutes from which nature cannot vary. The only problem is we have not mastered its use. There are issues in which gray areas arise, issues we then seek for answers in religion.
Relativism states that there are no absolutes - no rights or wrongs - and that everything is relative. What they're really saying is: "Everything is relative except the fact that everything is relative." As you can see, it is a flawed, self-defeating philosophy and is the mirror image of socialism, and socialist dictatorships throughout history. What socialists are saying is: "Everything belongs to society except that which is controlled by the state." Since everything is controlled by the state nothing belongs to society or the people. It is no coincidence that socialists and communists are the first to denounce and even outlaw religion.
Our founding fathers understood Natural Law and morality. It is why Ben Franklin suggested the words "self-evident" to Madison and Jefferson that men with morality have that tool to recognize basic human rights and that these rights stem from a law greater than man's law and because they have this tool these truths are self-evident. He used the words "self-evident" to replace the words "sacred and undeniable" not to disparage religion but to illustrate that it was even a more basic concept than the complexities and distortions that might come with religious content. If our rights are founded in Natural Law, no man can take them away. God is absolute. People's belief in and relationship with God is relative. The government or society as a whole has no claims to a God. Doing so would infer superiority over that God in the governing of people. The power of governing stems from the people, not over them from a government above who has absorbed the power of a God, even if through association only. This is why church and state are separate not because people in the statehouse shouldn't believe in God but because it is a personal belief and relationship.

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Drill of Soal Snmptn 2012 - Basic Math

New challenges face students every year from increased reading to spelling lists to learning basic math facts. For any student wanting to excel in mathematics, memorizing math facts is a must. So, it's imperative that parents help their children practice. But with many children studying many things, how is a parent supposed to keep up and make learning fun?
Schedule a specific time to study daily. Although many parents like to have their children finish all homework right after school, it seems that some kids are just too tired and desperately need a break. However, each family has its own routine and bed times, so every family has to select a time that works for everyone. It is recommended that all children work on homework at the same time, without the distraction of televisions, computers or radios. If one child does not have homework, ask them to do something productive quietly for that time.

A tried and true method for studying math facts is flash cards. But you can make flash cards fun by using stickers for right answers. You can also play memory with the cards or draw things on each one to help your child memorize them easier. Another trick may be in the way that you practice the cards. Studying online can be fun and also allow you to help multiple children at once. Have your child spend ten minutes or even five minutes a day will make a big difference. Many web sites are free of charge and you may even be able to set the number of questions or upper limit number that your child is practicing.
Have a little extra time in the car and a DVD player? You might consider purchasing an interactive math facts DVD for the car. Turn car potato time into learning time with educational DVD's. If need be, create a system for rewards for watching and learning.

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All children must memorize basic math facts to be successful at more difficult tasks. Parents should strive to help their children learn them to the point that there is nearly no delay between the time a question is asked and the answer is given. Being able to memorize these will also give the child confidence and increase their grades on regular exams as well as state or national assessments.
Suzan Arslan enjoys writing about education topics including tips for studying math and finding fun ways to study spelling words. Visit our site to practice basic math facts online free today.

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Drill of Soal Snmptn 2012

SNMPTN test group was divided into 3 (three):

1. Trials Group IPA
2. IPS Group Test
3. Exam IPC group (a mixture of IPA and IPS).
Each participant can follow the test Science, Social Studies, or IPC, and do not necessarily agree with majors SMA / MA / SMK / MAK concerned.

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Test of Academic Potential


Basic Capabilities


IPA Ability


IPS Ability


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Important Notes :


1. Studies Program at State Universities are divided into two groups, namely Studies Program and Social Science groups.
2. Each test group participants IPA / IPS can select a maximum of two courses in accordance with the test that followed.
3. Each participant group IPC exams can choose three courses with a record of at least one course the IPA and a group of social studies courses.
4. The order of selection of study program is a priority choice.
5. Examinees who choose only one course may choose courses from state universities anywhere in the region (cross border).
6. Examinees select two or more courses, one course must be a course of PTN in the same area with the participants take the exam. Another option may be a program of study outside the territory of PTN (cross border).
7. List of courses, capacity in 2011, and the number of enthusiasts in 2010 will be included in the Participant Handbook that can be seen in the page (website) http://www.snmptn.ac.id.

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Drill of Soal Snmptn 2012 - Economics

The world market is really competitive. You'll be left behind or overtaken if you don't have a great academic background. Online academic plans help you to keep in the competition without taking time off work.
However, economics online school education is still a challenging activity. This is a crucial element and it's capable of determining the failure or success of your academic program. If it's not correctly planned and executed, you'll be wasting your time, effort, and losing your money.

Below are five suggestions on how to finance your education on the web:
1) Consider less popular scholarships
Nowadays, several different kinds of scholarships are accessible for online students. It's quite simple to finance your online school education through scholarships if you're a single parent, police officer dependent, etc. A little bit of constancy and smart search for this kind of scholarships online can help you find the correct one for you.
2) Secure students loan
Student loans are a good help in case you plan the complete process with precision. These kind of loans are really easy to obtain. The repayment period of time begins only after six months of completing the course. The interest prices are usually much lower compared to other loans. The loan score required for securing student may also be achieved without problems.
3) Bank on grants
Grants are a good way to finance your online training course. Numerous grants can be found now. To make things easier, there are need-based grants.

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4) Impress your boss
This is perfect for individuals who have proved their mettle in their workplace. If you're able to make your boss known that an extra level is required for you to eliminate your tasks successfully, he/she will be more than satisfied to fund your online training lessons.
5) Discover additional options
These aren't the only ways for you to finance your online school education. Equity credits, credit cards, etc. are a few alternatives. Paying for your online training isn't complicated if you take a look at all options. You'll find more methods by talking to friends and family, seniors, and co-workers.

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Drill of Soal Snmptn 2012 - History

Checks have played a crucial role in the development of the financial industry throughout history. They are the oldest form of payment other than cash, and checks continue to be one of the most reliable ways to pay - despite the growth of electronic payments such as credit and debit.
You can expect the use of checks to remain a reliable payment option because of the impact they've had on the history of the world.
The Emergence of the Paper Check:
The earliest forms of checks can be traced back to the beginning of the banking system itself. It's believed that the people of the Ancient Roman Empire were the first to use what could be considered a paper check. Other cultures had their own versions of checks.

During the 3rd Century A.D. the Persian Empire used letters of credit known as chak. The word is referred to in a number of Arabic documents. Muslim traders used a version of a check system in the 9th century and the Knights of Templar introduced another version of checks used by Christian pilgrims taking journeys to the Holy Land or across Europe between the years 1118 and 1307.
All of these check systems allowed merchants and travelers the ability to transfer large sums of money without carrying gold and silver coins with them. It is believed the first nation to widely use checks as a form of payment instead of a means of transferring funds was Holland in the late 1500s. The use of checks spread across Europe from there.
The Paper Check Get Personal:
England began replacing handwritten checks (or cheques as they are called in the U.K.) with printed paper forms.
In 1811, the Commercial Bank of Scotland was the first to make personal checks with an account holder's name printed on the forms. Soon after - the Bank of England started binding and stitching checks together in sets of 50, 100 and 200 creating the first checkbooks.
Checks made their way to America a bit later in history. It's believed the first American to use checks was a businessman who mortgaged land to a fund in 1681 and wrote checks against it.
Modern Day Checks:
Big changes and some serious competition came about for personal checks in the modern age.
In 1959, the MICR code was developed in the United States. Magnetic ink character recognition allowed financial institutions to read the routing and account numbers with machines. It is similar to the way a tape deck plays back audio from the magnetic tape on a cassette. By the early sixties, MICR codes were used on checks all over the U.S.
The '50s also brought about the first charge card with the Diner's Club Card, and the first ATM or automated teller machine entered the scene in 1967.
Personal checks were being used so often in the U.S. Concerns arose in the 1960s that the volume of checks in the U.S. would be too much to control. That's when ACH or Automated Clearing House payments were developed bringing about conveniences like direct deposit.
Checks are still a large part of the.S. economy. A study in 1979 revealed that more than 85% of all non-cash retail payments were made by check. However, credit and debit card use increased through the 1980s and 1990s, and electronic payments as a whole outnumbered check payments for the first time in 2001 (according to the Federal Reserve).
In 2004, lawmakers in Washington D.C. passed the Check Clearing Act for the 21st Century also known as Check 21. Check 21 makes it possible for banks and businesses to use digital images of checks known as a substitute check.
Check 21 made check clearing and processing much faster and more efficient by eliminating the need for so many people to physically handle a check.
The Future of Checks:

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Checks have been a big contributor to the evolution of the financial industry for the past five centuries. Current research reveals that 67% of U.S. citizen claim to write a minimum of 10 personal checks each month.
These days, you can order personal checks online and even choose check designs that fit your personality. Options at Check Advantage include Nature Checks, Wildlife Checks and Fun and Games Checks.
The newest payment option available to the public is mobile banking. Quite a few banks have created programs for smartphones allowing their customers to deposit checks for virtually anywhere. All a user has to do is snap a picture of the check's front and back, enter the amount and send it to their bank or credit union.
There's much more to learn about personal checks. Visit the Check Education section Kasey Steinbrinck maintains at Check Advantage and earn your master's degree in checks.

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Drill of Soal Snmptn 2012 - Geography

From time immemorial, man has wondered at the grand spectacle called the sea, sometimes placid as a sheet of water, sometimes terrific as hell with giant waves lashing the shores. Always a challenge to those who wanted to conquer it and a boon to pirates who made fortunes by mastering the sea. Here the animals are strange but a source of food for millions. Until Columbus discovered the new world, no one thought that it ever existed!
There are mountains and rivers and valleys in the oceans just as in the continents, but text books seldom high light it. To know the true nature of the real earth, we must remove her cloths, the sands and soil and water covering her body! Let us start from Quito in Ecuador in Africa. A little distance westward, we see a big depression which we call the Atlantic Ocean in which the ridge is visible. Farther away, we see a plateau called the America. At the west end of this high land is a mountain, like a back bone. Then comes a very low land stretching westward, almost half the surface of the earth in width. This vast plain is called the Pacific ocean. A mountain peak is just near Africa, Galapagos Island, lat 1s-long 90 w. Further west is a mountain peak, Gilbert Is. Then comes Borneo etc, all mountains, before reaching the African east coast.

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The lowest plain Pacific, Atlantic at a higher level, then America and Eurasia at the highest level, all a continuous, not necessarily single, rock system. Caves and tunnels, volcanoes and river like channels, gold and diamond deposits, oil and natural gas etc. etc. are all there irrespective of the level of the terrain.

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Drill of Soal Snmptn 2012 - Sociology

Sociology is a science. Sociologists don't use beakers and test tubes, but like natural scientists, they do seek to learn about the world by creating theories and testing them with systematic observations.
What makes sociology both so interesting and so challenging is its subject: the social world. Society is huge, and hugely complex: there are answers to sociological questions, but there usually aren't any easy answers. In addition to the challenge of answering sociological questions, there's the challenge of asking them - that is, of thinking about society as a subject of objective, scientific study. Your grandpa and your minister and the guy who works at your local coffee shop probably don't have any opinions about how atoms should and shouldn't bond with one another, but they certainly all have opinions about how society should be organized. Studying society scientifically means setting aside - temporarily - your thoughts about how society should work.

The achievements of sociologists are among the great achievements of the human race because in sociology, people from all different walks of life come together to understand society objectively - so that, in the long run, it can perhaps be made to work better for everyone. What sociologists see when they look at society isn't always pretty, but that fact makes sociology all the more important: Just like you need to know how a car works before you can fix it, you need to understand how society works before you can change it.
Sociologists study a lot of things - in fact, they study just about everything that has anything to do with people interacting - which means that most things studied by sociologists are also studied by people who don't consider themselves sociologists. The fact that sociologists consider all aspects of the social world together means that they are able to see connections that people who study only part of the social world cannot.
It's part of a sociologist's job to deal with hot topics, and some sociologists have made highly controversial arguments. In delving into sociology, you need to be prepared to encounter some ideas that you may disagree - may very strongly disagree - with.

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Religion is a way of getting people to give you money, and serves no other constructive purpose.
The most effective kind of government is a dictatorship where the smartest person rules.
Society works best when women stay home to cook and clean while men go out and earn money.
You don't need to agree with all of those arguments - I certainly don't - to study sociology, but you do need to be willing to consider arguments that you don't agree with. Each of the statements above makes an empirical argument. That means that those statements can be tested with objective facts. What data would you gather? How would you analyze those data? If you think the truth is not reflected in those statements, how can you prove it? That willingness to think about the social world as a scientist - that is, objectively - is the very foundation of sociology.

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Drill of Soal Snmptn 2012 - Science Math

In the almost 15 years since I've graduated from high school I've notice the major changes in how children are educated. When I was a child, parents and educators seemed to work together more to provide a quality education for children. There were learning experiences both at home and in school. I have memories of conducting science experiments both at home and in school as early as elementary school. All students don't have an equal opportunity to have a great science educational experience. I have been spending time in schools and am realizing that kids aren't engaged in enough hands on science or science that is relevant to them that make them interested in science. I was having a conversation with a 5th grader and he was talking about what he learned in science class that day. What they learned bored me to death, they were talking about a scientist that is dead and technology that is obsolete.

I know that science history is an important part of science, but kids should be learning something that is relevant and current and about scientists that are alive today. But thing that I was grateful was that at least this student was learning science. I'm always curious how the state science and mathematics standards are chosen. Is the curriculum team made up of a diversity of math and science educators and professionals? Do they select the material based that provide the students with a strong foundation as well as engage them in the subjects? Do they select a curriculum that all school districts will be able to implement, including those districts and schools with limited resources? Do they consider if the curriculum is academically preparing them for post secondary education and pursuing careers in these subjects? I believe that a strong curriculum should include all these elements to ensure the academic success of our children in math and science.
In addition, most state curriculum the core subjects are language arts, math, social studies and science. However the priority of instructional time in our schools, especially in elementary school isn't always focused on equal preparation in all subject areas. There are various reasons for this; the main reason is that not enough resources are put into science education because science is rarely on the standardized test that has become a critical part of education. Another reason is not all elementary teachers feel comfortable enough to teach their students science. With elementary school being the foundation for learning in all subject areas, if there is no strong foundation for science how will kids excel when they go to middle and high school. This doesn't create an environment for our kids to excel in science, let alone pursue careers in these fields.
In order for us to provide the best educational experience for our youth, we must hold the educational system accountable for ensuring that all subject areas have equal instructional time. We shouldn't give more subject areas more instructional time simply because our students will be tested in those subjects. The best way we can hold them in accountable is to build a relationship with the educational system at all levels; the individual schools, school district and state department of education. We want to make sure that our children are academically prepared to enter the future workforce, which will be an educated workforce.

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Drill of Soal Snmptn 2012 - Chemistry

The study of science starts for everyone as a small trail in the woods of ignorance, but with effort and experience, that trail becomes our personal highway of knowledge and information, opening many possibilities. Science is not for everyone and few Einstein's exist. Sadly many get lost, confused and frustrated, giving up before they can utter their first "Eureka", as a gem of knowledge falls into place. Those "Eureka" moments can excite us to keep going down our particular path.
The next important step is to pay attention to the definitions: something that is important in every area: in sports you must know the rules to play the game: it is same for science. Knowing the definitions clears up confusions, and applying them (solving problems) solidifies them. Eventually the scientific method and thinking become a way of life, and gives insight into many situations, even outside your particular area of expertise.

A structure emerges. For example, the life sciences and medicine rest upon biochemistry and pharmacology, which rests upon organic chemistry, and organic depends on physical chemistry. Physical chemistry rests upon physics, and mathematics is the logic that binds them all together.
Along the way there are many sidelines, too numerous to list here: new materials, nano-technology are two important and well known disciplines. Also various areas overlap into multi-discipline fields, like physical chemistry and organic (physical-organic chemistry); organic synthesis and chemical kinetics (organocatalysis), Inorganic and organic chemistry (organometallic chemistry): the list goes on and on.
However a good foundation in the basic of physical science allows one to at least be in a position to appreciate the work of others in the many areas of scientific endeavor. You might end up as a lawyer, a social worker or in finance. A good background in science will help the lawyer argue his case of, say, patent violation; helps the social worker understand the side effects of medication a client might be taking, and allows the financier to make intelligent decisions about whether to invest in one mining company or another.
Scientists and engineers
Science can be divided into two broad categories: fundamental science (research), and applying those ideas (engineering: also called Research and Development (R&D)). Today there are about ten times more engineers than there are scientists. It takes more effort and more people to take the fundamental ideas developed by a few, and turn them into technology that we use to improve our quality of life.
Think of the automobile industry. The internal combustion engine, based upon the Otto cycle was developed by a few (who showed it worked), and then many engineers took that basic idea and over the last hundred years developed the cars we have today.
The macroscopic and the microscopic
A broad division of science is into the macroscopic (big enough sample that we can measure and examine), and the microscopic (atoms, molecules and collections of these, too small to observe individually).
There are two big cornerstones of macroscopic science: Thermodynamics (the study of heat, work and efficiency), and Classical Mechanics (Newtonian physics that describes the motion of macroscopic objects).
The microscopic is governed by quantum mechanics.
Since microscopic particles have a lot of symmetry, the field of group theory (a mathematical subject) should be mentioned. This helps to visualize molecules and reactions, and has particular relevance in the most fundamental science, which is physics. Mathematics is a tool of scientists: logic guides us.
The field of Statistical Mechanics relates macroscopic objects to its microscopic particles.
The example of chemistry
Chemistry is the study of the making and breaking of bonds-that is chemicals react to form different chemicals. A chemical reaction proceeds if the conditions are right: two important conditions are energy and entropy. Both are substances and entropy is as tangible as energy. Engineers started to notice things a couple of hundred years ago: like horses that walked in a circle and drove the machinery to bore cannons. The horses walked at a constant rate, (constant energy) but a dull bit produced a lot of heat and not a lot of work (boring the cannon was slow), but a sharp bit produced a lot less heat and more boring. This is the First Law of Thermodynamics:
Energy (horse power) = heat (friction) + work (cannon bore).
Clearly energy is not cheap (the horses must be purchased, fed and cared for), so it would be better to reduce the heat loss and increase the work done. That is, the efficiency of the use of energy became an important consideration.
In the 19th century, thermodynamics further evolved motivated by the need to increase efficiency of the steam engine that drove the industrial revolution. The first steam engines were about 3% efficient and so improvements were definitely needed. e. perpetual motion?
This led Sadi Carnot in the 1830's to define a cycle for the steam engine from which entropy was discovered, and the Second law of Thermodynamics was formulated-perpetual motion was shown to be impossible. The Otto cycle was developed for an internal combustion engine about forty years later.
Although alchemy is an old subject, it was only after the First and Second Laws of thermodynamics were developed that chemistry really took off. Besides Sadi Carnot, a few notable names are James Maxwell, Rudolf Clausius, James Joule, Willard Gibbs and Ludwig Boltzmann.
The ideas they developed apply well to chemistry. When bonds are broken, energy must be added to the system; and when bonds are formed, energy is released to the surroundings. Some chemical reactions produce more randomness (higher entropy) and sometimes more order (lower entropy) as the atoms rearrange to form products. Both energy (heat and work) and entropy (randomness) play important roles in the spontaneity of a chemical reaction.
Trinitrotoluene (TNT) can explode (a rapid chemical reaction). From the chemical formula it has three nitrogen bonds. Most chemical explosives contain nitrogen by the way. The combustion of one mole of TNT releases 3,400 kJ mol-1 of energy,
C7H5N3O6(s) + 21/4 O2(g) à7 CO2(g) + 5/2 H2O(g) + 3/2 N2 (g) ∆H = -3,400 kJmol-1
Compare this, however, with the energy of combustion of sugar as sucrose (a slow chemical reaction),
C12H22O11(s) + 12 O2(g) à12 CO2(g) + 11 H2O(l) ∆H = -5,644 kJ mol-1
Sucrose produces a lot more energy per mole that TNT! So why is not sucrose an explosive too? Sucrose burns slowly relative to TNT, with a corresponding slow release of carbon dioxide. TNT burns so fast that a lot of energy is released in a short period of time. Furthermore, solid TNT occupies a small volume, but the final volume is equal to 11 moles of gas (about 250 liters at STP). The destruction is not caused so much by the heat released but the rapid expansion of the gases produced. Using the First Law, the energy released by one mole, (3,400 kJ) goes into some heat but a lot of work is done to the surroundings as the gas expands, and this can cause damage.

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Notice that the right hand side of the TNT combustion has only 21/4=5.25 moles of gas, while the RHS has 11 moles of gas. Clearly the rapid expansion in the explosive combustion of TNT can lead to destruction (it would knock Humpty Dumpty off his wall) and cause greater disorder and therefore the entropy increases. Both energy and entropy are favorable for this reaction to proceed. This is not always the case, especially biological processes, where entropy, not energy, is the main driving force.
Thermodynamics tells us which chemical reactions will proceed and which will not. Chemical Kinetics tells us how fast those reactions take place, and how much energy is needed to initiate a reaction. TNT is not very sensitive to shock because it has a high activation energy. On the other hand, Nitroglycerine, (NG), another chemical explosive (with lots of nitrogen bonds), explodes with a small shock and cannot be transported in liquid form at room temperature. It has a low activation energy. Alfred Nobel solved the nitroglycerine problem by inventing dynamite: reducing the sensitivity to shock by soaking NG in sawdust, paper or some absorptive material. The patent was so successful that he left us the legacy of the Nobel Prize.
Equilibrium thermodynamics is a closed field today with no new fundamental research being done. It is a beautiful, complete and compact theory that gives the relationship between the macroscopic quantities we can measure: energy, heat capacities, compressibility factors and many more, with wide application.
Thermodynamics is essential knowledge for all chemists. However thermodynamics fails to explain why these relationships exist. This is given by another elegant theory called Statistical Mechanics.

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Drill of Soal Snmptn 2012 - Biology

The number of colleges offering full online Biology degrees is rapidly growing.
Online Biology degree programs focus on living organisms and how they interact with their environments. Programs include cell biology, plant biology, animal, biology, and anatomy. They also comprise of life sciences, microbiology, biochemistry, bioinformatics, molecular biology, and biology education.
Knowing which emphasis of Biology you would like to pursue can help you decide which colleges to research. Different colleges can vary on what coursework they provide for certain Biology degrees. Some colleges are also better known for certain Biology programs than others. Graduate programs get even more in depth.

To receive your Biology degree online, you will also need to have classes in mathematics, chemistry, physics, and computer sciences.
Some sort of Biology degree is usually required for a career in life sciences. A Biology degree can give you the groundwork for careers involving medicine, nursing, bioengineering, or biochemistry. As online degrees are on the rise and web usage is practically available in every location, earning your Biology degree online is very easy. An online degree enables you to focus not only on furthering your career, but it allows you the flexibility to have more of a life than just school. You can have the opportunity to spend more time with your family and friends, enjoy your favorite activities, and work. Having an online program gives you the room to not have the hassle of rearranging your work schedule around class times.
Depending on what Biology emphasis you choose, you could have a long haul in front of you. Some students have a light enough schedule outside of school and enough determination to finish their degree faster than if they attended in an actual classroom. Instead of waiting for your class to start, log on any time of the day-or night-to work through classes.

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Some classes may be difficult to complete online, especially if they require lab work, but other basic classes for biology can be completed at home. Ashford University is one of the top schools from which to earn an online Biology degree. Other well-known, quality colleges offering online Biology degrees include UMUC, Oregon State University, Kaplan University, Westerns Governors University, and University of Phoenix. Two top colleges for graduate Biology work include the University of Nebraska at Kearney and Western Kentucky University.
All of the above universities, as well as any online college program, allow you to request information to be mailed or emailed to you. Oftentimes, the college website will have live chat available for any immediate questions you may have.

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Drill of Soal Snmptn 2012 - Physics

Since the launch of The Secret there has been an explosion of the amount of Law of Attraction material available. In The Secret, we are presented with two Quantum Physicists, suggesting that our minds have almost limitless potential. Their statements are then leveraged by the other presenters (non-scientists) who promptly inform us that the Law of Attraction exists, thus marking the beginning of the alleged Law of Attraction Quantum Physics connection.
From this point on, we are sold the Law of Attraction, based on the "Law of Attraction Quantum Physics Relationship". But are there any real scientific experiments offering any proof that we are able to interact with a genie-like universal intelligence?

The other slightly confusing aspect of the law of attraction, are the various interpretations of how it actually works. In my research, I found that the cause of most arguments across the social webisphere were about whether or not physical action was required in order to manifest a desire. It seems that to many folks, the suggestion that the law of attraction process requiring no action in order to manifest, is absurd. Thus causing these particular people to write off the Law of Attraction Quantum Physics connection as pseudoscience.
Divine Intelligence: THE EVIDENCE
Before trying to establish whether or not it is even possible, for a human being to access or communicate with a divine intelligence, it seemed logical to first try to establish whether or not such a thing even existed.
In the documentary The Secret, quantum physicists describe our universe as a place where the appearance of things being solid is nothing more than an illusion, because at the smallest level, everything is actually made up of vibrating energy.
Also, when talking about how our thoughts effect the condition of our lives, Fred Alan Wolf PhD describes how this is possible:
It [Quantum Physics] says that you can't have a universe without mind entering into it. That the mind is actually shaping the very thing that is being perceived.
While researching this Law of Attraction Quantum Physics conundrum, I stumbled upon an experiment that could reveal the existence of a divine intelligence. When this experiment was first carried out, it sent shock waves through the scientific community. It is referred to as the "Double Slit Experiment". The experiment involved the firing of electrons against a screen in different ways, and recording the way in which they behaved. The results seemed to defy logic. So, the scientists then decided to set up a monitoring device, so that they could record the actual process of the experiment, rather than merely analyzing the end results. Incredibly, the behavior of the electrons changed simply because they were being observed.
From this point on, all quantum physics experiments had to be carried out twice. Once without the process being observed, and again with observation included, simply to allow for the behavior of "an intelligence". This is now referred to as the L.O.O. (Law of Observation). This law is considered by many to be evidence of a divine mind, and is suitably leveraged by proponents of the law of attraction quantum physics relationship.
The existence of a divine intelligence is one thing, but this alone does not explain how we can access it. Proving the law of attraction quantum physics connect still needed a bit more work. I believe that the techniques taught in The Secret are based on teachings that come under two main categories:
People who claim to channel a divine intelligence, thus enabling it to speak through them. One good example of this is Esther Hicks who appeared in the original version of The Secret.

Historical texts from various cultures around the world, many of them describing the power of prayer. This subject has been extensively researched by scientist Gregg Braden who has no association with The Secret.
According to the basic teachings of The Secret, there is no mention of the necessity of human action. I believe these are two fundamental flaws. Although there is no evidence to suggest that trying to manifest life improvements is impossible without action, leaving out action (incl. human interaction) would seem extremely unwise. As for having anything that you want, this is not possible as there are certain limitations regarding the formation of physical things.

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You can wish for a third arm to grow out of your nose, and it won't happen, no matter how attracted you are to that thought.
This is because everything in nature is constructed according to mathematical laws, from the proportions of a human face to the dimensions of a butterfly's wings. Much research has been carried out into this area, both in the field of Cymatics, and the study of Sacred Geometry.
It would seem hard to believe in a Law of Attraction Quantum Physics connection, based on The Secret's teachings alone. I believe these teachings are mostly good, but simply incomplete. And, although it still seems hard to prove a Law of Attraction Quantum Physics connection, there is evidence proving that the mind can affect things outside of our physical bodies. These are known as I.I.E.D. experiments. And, experiments proving that our emotions affect our DNA, even after it has been removed from our body.

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Drill of Soal Snmptn 2012 - English Language

The English language is a difficult language to learn if it is not your native language. To be able to make a splash in the business world, it pays to have a thorough understanding of the English language. If you are wondering why you need to make this a part of your personal and professional arsenal, but are uncertain of where it fits in, read on:
Corporate Growth
Many organizations are outsourcing basic functions of their business to overseas locations. Some of these jobs pay quite well and the more proficient you are with the English language, the better chance you will have of communicating. The better communication that you can establish, the more possibilities you will have within one of these major established companies.

Individual Growth
Say you run your own business. What if you want to expand your reach to a global marketplace instead of staying local? The English language is your key to being able to do this, because most every country has some influence within it - at least enough to communicate well in the language and avoid having to learn several different languages for minimal growth. In order to expand your horizons to multiple countries at once, establishing a good grasp of the English language is essential.
Building Relationships
Beyond work relationships, English also helps you to establish personal relationships and maintain them far beyond direct contact. With social media and greater educational travel programs now available, it is easier to establish meaningful relationships that last a lifetime. But language can often create communication barriers, and learning English is the quickest and most reliable way to make sure you keep these potentially enriching relationships together.

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Writing and Speaking Better
Simply expanding your horizons through the learning of another language is yet another great benefit. You can also enjoy higher quality entertainment, such as books and movies, in their original languages so not to impede with the enjoyment of the presentation.
Learning the English language is not something that you can do overnight. It takes a lot of time and effort to get it right, and who you learn it from is very important. A poor teacher can put you on the path to disaster, and it can take quite some time to undo the damage. Choose wisely, and you can open up a whole new world of prosperity.

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Drill of Soal Snmptn 2012 - Indonesian Language

What are the best ways to learn Indonesian language successfully? Below are a few tips that will help you learn Indonesian successfully. If you follow these five tips, you can be sure that you will learn to speak Indonesian much easier.
Key Number One
If you feel that you are losing your desire or interest to learn Bahasa Indonesia, try to plan a trip to Indonesia. That way it will help you stay motivated and to make you want to learn Indonesian seriously.

Key Number Two
Many people are afraid of making mistakes when learning Indonesian. If you really want to learn to speak Indonesian, then you have to accept the fact that making mistakes is part of the learning process. The more mistakes you make, the more quickly you will learn to speak Indonesian. It is absolutely normal to make mistakes since you will learn a lot from the mistakes you make during the learning process and therefore it will increase your overall Indonesian communicating skills. Some people will try to learn to speak Indonesian online by ONLY listening. Their reasoning is that once they learn enough Indonesian that is when they will begin trying to speak Indonesian online. You must practice your own Indonesian in order to learn Indonesian.
Key Number three
"Focus on how to speak Indonesian" rather than "why Indonesian is spoken the way it is." Trying to do so will only hinder your learning and make it difficult to learn Indonesian.

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Key Number Four
Many people spend their time learning a bunch of Indonesian vocabulary that they could go a life time and never use. If you want to learn Indonesian without wasting any of your precious time, I would advise you to master the fundamentals first. I know adults that have studied Indonesian for a few years and they know thousands of words in Indonesian. If you really want to learn to speak Indonesian make it a priority to master the fundamentals.
Key Number Five
My response is that you can make excuses or you can learn to speak Indonesian online if you really have limited time yourself. Try your very best to find a little time within a week to learn the language regularly if you are really serious in mastering the language. Learning a new language is not a one night process, but rather it is an ongoing process which requires your consistency.

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Drill of Soal Snmptn 2012 - TPA

Tests of academic potential (TPA) or SAT was first tested at the National College Entrance Selection (SNMPTN) 2009. TPA SNMPTN demanding natural abilities of participants. TPA can be trained, but difficult memorized. This test is very good to measure the academic ability of prospective students. TPA was also able to measure the ability to communicate and reason prospective students. But according to the Committee SNMPTN landfill can not be taught tutoring. If you want to teach, the same should educate for life,

The presence of TPA is one of progress in the implementation of the exam SNMPTN 2009, in addition to a mechanism different weighting values​​. Weighting value requires a holistic capability SNMPTN participants. SNMPTN committee believes, the new test model is able to generate qualified prospective students.

Defined by the Committee SNMPTN 2010, as well SNMPTN SNMPTN 2009 that the test results this year were given different weights. To test the potential Academic weighted 30 percent and 70 percent field of study. Weighting was distinguished with the courses that are practice exams, such as sports programs and art studies.

Meanwhile, the weights for the tests of academic potential and field of study assigned 60 percent, while for the weight of the practice tests was set at 40 percent.

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How to Pick the Best Tutor for Your College Entrance Exams

Step 1: Which College Entrance Exam is Right for You?
It seems like just yesterday you were leisurely working your way through your early teenage, middle school years. Suddenly, with very little warning, you're a high school student who's supposed to be thinking about college! It's no longer enough merely to focus on coursework and manage your grade point average; now you're supposed to decide which of several college entrance exams you should take.
While some colleges and universities require the SAT Reasoning Test, others prefer the ACT. Some schools may even request two or three of the SAT Subject Tests. Like many of life's endeavors, you can do the leg work yourself or you can hire a professional (recommended) to help you figure things out.
It makes no sense to aspire toward a school that is out of reach, only to have your dreams shattered and your time wasted. Pick a set of schools that are within your grasp and are situated in parts of the country where you would not mind living for four years.
Once you have narrowed your search to five or six colleges or universities, check each school's admissions requirements. Incidentally, the palest ink is better than the best memory, so write everything down. If you know how to use Microsoft Excel or Access, compile a database of colleges and universities including their requirements and contact information. This will help you to sift through a myriad of requirements and determine which paths are best for your needs.
If you have the financial resources to hire a professional to guide you in your quest, you must be careful to select an appropriate college admissions counselor. Generally, tutors, teachers, and high school guidance counselors are poor choices for this task. Instead, you should seek a private counselor who specializes in the admission process and who can help you choose schools appropriate for you.
If, after all of your diligent research, you still are not sure which universities you will apply to, or you would like to reserve the option of modifying your list at a future date, then I recommend you plan to take the SAT Reasoning Test, The ACT, and three SAT Subject Tests. In that way you will avoid burning the proverbial bridges and limiting your college admissions opportunities.
Step 2: Finding the Right SAT Course
You have just stepped into an arena of intense competition for which you are not yet trained. Please... no matter what anyone else tells you, do not take an official SAT, ACT, or Subject Test until you are properly prepared, which usually means that you will need to find an appropriate prep course. But just how do you select such a program from among literally hundreds of choices?
Fifteen or so years ago, one of the major financial news magazines presented an article discussing the SAT courses that had appeared on the market at the time, many of which were ineffective or even fraudulent. Unfortunately, anyone can claim to be an SAT preparation specialist whether or not he or she has any real experience. That is why the most important question you can ask a prospective prep course representative is "how many years' experience does the specific SAT or ACT teacher (not merely the company) have?"
But what constitutes enough experience? Because many tutors are part-timers, as a rule of thumb, I would not hire an SAT or ACT tutor who has less than ten years' experience. Also, don't be lured into subscribing to a prep course just because you have seen the company's ads on television or heard its sales pitch at your local high school. Many of these large well-funded SAT and ACT courses (franchises in some cases) will temp you with remarkably impressive, expensive marketing campaigns but will have relatively little to offer you in terms of specific teacher experience. Also, don't be fooled by "guarantees" that are really just "warrantees" in disguise. When an SAT or ACT prep course offers you a "guarantee," ask whether or not your will get a refund if your student does not achieve a certain score. Coursework is yet another important factor in selecting an SAT or ACT coach. Even if you are able to find specialists who claim to have the requisite experience, most of them have neither written nor prepared study material for their students. This is a big red flag! My advice on this matter is simple; if you come across an SAT or ACT preparation coach who offers no preprinted study material for the student to absorb between lessons, WALK AWAY. Incidentally, by preprinted material, I am not referring to sample test books. Rather, I am referring to notes and coursework that the tutor, himself (or herself), has written and will provide to each student as part of the coursework regimen.
A good instructor will also advise you as to when to begin your prep coursework. Although most SAT and ACT prep organizations are happy to sell you a last-minute course to commence in the spring of your junior year, those regimens do not lend themselves to your success on any of the March, April, May, or June test sittings and will leave you the fall of your senior year to take all of your entrance exams.
A good prep instructor should attempt to duplicate, as closely as possible, actual test conditions. Naturally, it would practically impossible to provide services in the same room in which your student will take the exam, surrounded by fifty or so other nervous SAT test takers, at the same time of day, with the same proctor, etc., but the instructor can maintain certain conditions. Does the instructor provide a controlled, proctored, environment somewhat similar to that in which your student will take the actual test or does he or she provide services in an area in which other students are disruptive, telephones are ringing, or visitors are entering and exiting the premises? Does the instructor require that students turn off their mobile telephones? Does the instructor have the student use actual SAT and ACT answer sheets or merely circle answers on a sample test? Does the instructor require his or her students to wear an appropriate, non-digital wristwatch and to use it on every section? Clearly, if the instructor makes little or no attempt to duplicate proctored test conditions, then you will miss out on an important aspect of your training. I also recommend that the instructor not come to your home. In-home tutoring is not as convenient for the client as you might think, because everyone else in the house has to remain silent and inactive during the tutoring process. I have also found that, for whatever reason, students will tend to perform differently (sometimes better, sometimes worse) at home than they will in another setting, so the instructor may not be able to gauge your progress accurately.
Finally, you must be able determine whether or not an SAT specialist truly understands the nature of the test; that is, whether or not he or she takes a reasoning approach to the teaching process. The SAT is, primarily, a test of reasoning (hence, the title SAT Reasoning Test) and not accumulated knowledge. That is not to say that you don't need some knowledge to score well on the test, but if you ignore reasoning and, instead, grind each question out the long way, you will run out of both time and energy. Although I don't make it a firm rule of thumb, I tend to look with suspicion at any SAT or ACT course that permits student to use calculators from day one. I have found that students prepped with calculators will fail to learn the reasoning skills necessary to master these tests, so I do not permit my students to use a calculator until close to the end of their training. Invariably, my students come to discover that the vast majority of the questions don't require a calculator at all. Indeed, in most cases, calculator dependence will hinder a student's performance. So, listen carefully as the instructor describes the nature of his coursework to you. If, regarding SAT prep in particular, you do not hear the word "reasoning" at least once, proceed with caution.
Step 3: The Art of SAT Scheduling
Congratulations! By now you have successfully determined which tests you must take in order to apply to the colleges and universities on your list, and you have found a suitable SAT or ACT prep course. The next question to ask is "When should I take these tests?" Well... the simplest answer is "Whenever you are ready!" Without a doubt, you will encounter dozens of well-meaning souls (many who should really know better) willing to give you their "good advice." Unfortunately, these well-intentioned "advisors" will unintentionally misguide you nearly 100 per cent of the time! Why? Simply because SAT and ACT scheduling does not lend itself to initial impulses or knee-jerk common sense. Rather, it is a process that requires careful consideration and a willingness to go against the flow.
In order for you to understand this remarkable phenomenon, allow me to present to you the path that most misadvised high school juniors will take. Midway through the eleventh grade year, the typical junior will begin to think about SAT and ACT test prep. Because you have read the first two articles in this series, you already know that these students should have begun their prep no later than the beginning of the school year. As the spring of the junior year approaches, however, someone will misadvise these students to take an SAT and ACT in March or April "just to get a baseline score." This little piece of horrible advice has been circulation for as long as I have been teaching these courses. By the end of April, students who have followed this path are usually left with dismally low scores and no preparation or training.
The next piece in the bad advice puzzle is to take the SAT again in May, the SAT Subject Tests in June, and another ACT in June. Maybe this sounds familiar to you! This sorry route leaves most students with two low SAT scores, two low ACT scores, two or three low Subject Test scores and the prospect of retaking all five tests in the fall of the senior year. What a nightmare!
The bright side to this unfortunate mess is that the nightmare is so very easy to avoid, so long as you accept the fact that you will be walking alone on a deserted road is search of your best SAT and ACT scores, while everyone else (including all of your friends) will trudge blindly along the ever-crowded bad-timing highway. First, as I mentioned earlier, you should begin your SAT Reasoning Test prep and ACT prep no later than the beginning of your junior year (most of my students begin their coursework the summer after tenth grade). If you are ready to test in November, December, or January, so be it. If not, then you can reasonably consider taking both tests in the spring. If you intend to take the SAT Subject Tests, I recommend you schedule three tests in May and three tests in June and begin your prep in January. In that way, if you to retake any test from the May sitting, you can do so in June and be done with the Subject Tests forever (we do not want to revisit those tests in the fall when the you have forgotten much of the subject coursework and may need to retake the SAT Reasoning Test).
If, on the other hand, you do not have to take any of the Subject Tests, I recommend you retake the SAT Reasoning Test, if necessary, in May and June. In either case, students who are well-prepared should take the ACT in June of their junior year, because it does not conflict with either the SAT or the Subject Test dates.
If you find yourself faced with retaking the SAT and the ACT in the fall of your senior year, I strongly urge you schedule every SAT and ACT sitting, even if you plan to take it just one more time. Here's why. You simply retake the test in November! Naturally, the ACT dates work the same way. Believe me, this scheduling regimen is the cheapest insurance policy you will every buy, and you would be surprised at the number of times backup dates have gotten students their highest scores. Also, just knowing that you have reserved backup dates (not all your eggs are in one basket) will allow you to take the tests with less pressure.

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Economía

La economía es la ciencia social que analiza la producción, distribución y consumo de bienes y servicios. La economía del término viene del griego antiguo οἰκονομία (oikonomia, "administración del hogar, la administración") de οἶκος (oikos, "casa") + νόμος (nomos, "a medida" o "ley"), por lo tanto, "las reglas de la casa (espera) ". Economía tiene como objetivo explicar cómo funcionan las economías y cómo interactúan los agentes económicos. El análisis económico se aplica en toda la sociedad, en los negocios, las finanzas y el gobierno, sino también de la delincuencia, la educación, la familia, la salud, derecho, política, religión, instituciones sociales, la guerra, y las distinciones science.Common se dibujan entre las diversas dimensiones de la economía. La distinción principal es entre el libro de texto de microeconomía, que estudia el comportamiento de los elementos básicos de la economía, incluyendo los distintos mercados y agentes (como los consumidores y las empresas, compradores y vendedores), y la macroeconomía, que se ocupa de temas que afectan a toda la economía, incluido el desempleo, la inflación, el crecimiento económico y la política monetaria y fiscal. Otras distinciones incluyen: entre la economía positiva (que describe "lo que es") y la economía normativa (la defensa "lo que debería ser"), entre la teoría económica y economía aplicada, entre la economía convencional (más "ortodoxo" que trata de la "racionalidad-individualismo- equilibrio nexo ") y la economía heterodoxa (más" radical "que trata de las" instituciones-la historia-la estructura social nexo "), y entre la economía y de comportamiento racional.

Economía referirse al estudio que incluye factores relacionados con el uso de recursos por la gente. Cuando hablamos de recursos, entonces significa que el talento que tienen las personas, así como el tiempo que se pone a su disposición junto con varios otros recursos, como los edificios, terrenos, equipos, y varias herramientas de mano similares, y también el conocimiento sobre la contribución de herramientas para la creación de productos y servicios útiles.
Asimismo, implica la decisión con respecto a las cantidades de dinero que se gastó más, así como las cantidades que necesitan ser salvados, la combinación de varios recursos disponibles para producir algunos de los productos y servicios útiles, así como la formación de los niveles de imposición a lo largo de con el papel del gobierno.
Como toda la economía se puede definir como el estudio de la mano de obra, las inversiones, la tierra, de dinero, ingresos y la producción de los impuestos, así como los gastos del gobierno. Las personas que se conocen como los economistas son en realidad los que medir todos los factores, y trabajar para averiguar las medidas que pueden aumentar el tiempo extra, junto con la evaluación del bienestar general de los ricos y los pobres.
Economía ayuda a todos los examine las ventajas y desventajas entre los diferentes objetivos y, por tanto, anticipar las consecuencias de los cambios que se producen en términos de las políticas gubernamentales, las prácticas de las empresas, o puede ser la composición de la población. Casi todas las políticas públicas o privadas, consiste en la economía.

Naturaleza y alcance de la economía

Muchos escritores de los primeros días se define la economía como "una ciencia de la riqueza". Adam Smith comúnmente conocido como el padre de la economía moderna, que se define la economía como "una investigación sobre la naturaleza y las causas de la riqueza de las naciones."
Estas definiciones fueron defectuosos, ya que le dio mucha importancia a la riqueza. Como la riqueza no es todo, que sólo conduce a lograr el bienestar del ser humano. Por lo tanto, es un hombre que es el objetivo de todas las actividades económicas.
Profesor Dr. Alfred Marshall fue el primer economista que dio una definición lógica de la economía. Él definió la economía como: "Un estudio de la humanidad en los negocios ordinarios de la vida, que examine esa parte de las acciones individuales y sociales que está estrechamente relacionado con la obtención y uso de artículos de material"

Características de la definición:
Esta definición dio una nueva dirección para el estudio de la economía. A continuación se presentan las características más importantes de la definición.

1. Una ciencia social
Esta definición hace que la economía una ciencia social. Es un tema que tiene que ver con las personas que viven en la sociedad. De acuerdo con Marshall, como el comportamiento de los seres humanos no es la misma todo el tiempo por lo tanto, los principios de la economía no se puede formular como las leyes de las ciencias. Otras leyes de la economía no son tan exactas como las leyes de las ciencias naturales.

2. Estudio del Hombre
La economía tiene que ver con el hombre, por lo que se está viviendo tema. Se analizan los problemas económicos y el comportamiento del hombre. De acuerdo con Marshall que estudia el comportamiento del hombre en los negocios ordinarios de la vida.

3. Riqueza como medio de bienestar material
Según Marshall, la riqueza no es el objetivo último de las actividades humanas y por lo tanto no estudiamos la riqueza, por el bien de la riqueza. Por lo tanto, de acuerdo con esta definición se estudia la riqueza como fuente de obtención de bienestar material.

4. Economía y Bienestar
Esta definición hace que la economía un tema asistencialista. Nos preocupa sólo con aquellas actividades económicas que no promueven el bienestar material de los seres humanos están fuera del alcance de la economía.

5. Materialidad
Mariscal destaca en el concepto de "material necesario de bienestar". Por lo tanto, de acuerdo con esta definición todas las actividades económicas en torno a resolver la adquisición y uso de los bienes materiales, etc, como alimentos, ropa, ya que aumentan el bienestar de los seres humanos. Por el otro lado no material requisitos de la vida humana como la educación, la recreación son ignorados.

6. Normativa de Outlook

Crítica
"Robbins y otros muchos economistas duramente criticado esta definición en los siguientes motivos."

1. Limitada al bienestar material
Esta definición limita el tema de la economía al bienestar material de las personas. Pero el tema de la economía no se limita al estudio del bienestar material de los seres humanos. En realidad, los aspectos materiales y no materiales del bienestar son los estudios de economía.

2. Concepto vago de Bienestar
El concepto de bienestar utilizados en esta definición, no está claro. El bienestar de los seres humanos no se limita a la consecución de requisitos materiales. Hay muchos otros factores que afectan el bienestar humano. Además la palabra "bienestar" tiene un significado diferente para distintas personas y sociedades diferentes. Por lo tanto no podemos definir la economía con un claro concepto de bienestar.

3. Alcance limitado
Esta definición ha hecho que el alcance de la economía limitada. Sólo aquellas actividades que se estudian en la economía, que se dirigen a la consecución de los requisitos materiales de bienestar. Además no tiene en cuenta las actividades económicas de una persona que no vive en la sociedad. El logro de requisitos materiales del bienestar humano no se caen fuera del ámbito de la economía. Esta división de los aspectos materiales y no materiales del bienestar humano no es la correcta.

4. Economía y Bienestar
Según Robbins el estudio de las actividades económicas sobre la base del bienestar no es bueno.

5. Juicio Moral
En esta definición Marshall hace la economía de un tema que considera el aspecto bueno y lo malo de las actividades económicas. Según Robbins economía en punto muerto como un fin y se refiere a que no es la función de un economista para emitir un juicio moral y decir lo que es bueno y qué es malo.

6. Poco realista
Esta definición parece ser poco realista ya que un análisis crítico. El concepto claro del bienestar, la división de los extremos en el material y el material no, la presión sobre el bien y el mal, el concepto de hombre que vive en sociedad, etc todos estos conceptos pone restricciones innecesarias y hacer que el alcance de la economía limitada. Estas ideas que la definición realista.

Conclusión
Aunque esta definición dio una nueva orientación al tema de la economía, sino que tenía muchos puntos débiles. Algunas de las faltas de definición se discutió anteriormente. Por estas razones, esta definición fue reemplazada por otra nueva definición de la economía.

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